Sex workers face barriers to justice in sexual assault trials, and decriminalisation is necessary to enable sex workers to access legal redress, a UNSW law expert says.
Over three winters I travelled to Darwin as a contract showgirl for the Honey Pot Club. Before we worked the night shifts, we would drive out for daytime pub shows around Winnelle, Howard Springs and Parap.
It was so hot our make-up constantly melted, and we did bath shows just to cool off. On a good day, we were booked to perform private shows at people鈥檚 residential homes for birthdays and buck鈥檚 parties.
As an X-rated stripper, it was protocol to lay out rules and boundaries in advance 鈥 no filming, no photos, no touch without permission. Life as a stripper was a lot of things.
Sexual assault was not part of the job.
奥丑别苍听听about the adult performer who was sexually assaulted at a buck鈥檚 party in rural Darwin in 2017 by a man using a beer bottle, I knew that could have been me. The offender, Kevin Willcocks (who stated at trial that he had 鈥渟een worse things鈥 and was simply being 鈥渁 larrikin鈥) was convicted in the NT Supreme Court in 2019 of rape.
According to听听鈥 the media outlet that first听听earlier this year as part of the #LetHerSpeak campaign 鈥 鈥楽andra鈥, the survivor, wants to speak out about her experience under her real name. But even though Willcocks was sentenced to three years and six months, suspended after nine, Sandra听cannot identify herself听due to a 鈥榮exual assault victim gag law鈥 that exists in the Northern Territory.
Last month the Tasmanian Government听听a similar 鈥榞ag law鈥, following pressure from the听#LetHerSpeak听campaign, which听听in 2018.
In the NT however, a person can still face six months imprisonment for publishing or making a statement or representation that reveals the name of a sexual assault complainant at any point in time, even if the complainant consents.
Although the original rationale for the shield provision was to protect the privacy and welfare of the complainant, it has the unintended effect of preventing a survivor of sexual assault from identifying themselves, which in turn can contribute to shame and isolation.
鈥楽andra鈥 was supported by her peers from the NT Sex Workers Outreach Project during court. Photo: #LetHerSpeak campaign
As both a sex worker and an academic, I know sex workers face multiple barriers to accessing justice. Over the last three years I have been a researcher in a听听conducted by听听and the听听exploring sex work stigma in Australia. Despite working in this space for many years, I was emotionally unprepared for the disclosures of sexual assault we heard from sex workers across the country, their poor experiences seeking justice, and risks created by the legal system itself.听
Before even getting to court, sex workers were highly reluctant to seek police assistance if they were a victim of crime, citing instances where police did not treat their claims seriously; where police believed sexual assault constituted part of the job; or where police expected free services in return for not charging them for sex work offences.
Sex workers鈥 decisions to pursue redress were also influenced by news reporting about sex worker victims of crime (including murders of sex workers) where sex workers were treated as either less worthy, less rape-able, or a media spectacle; or in ways that were offensive and gratuitous.
This in turn was affirmed for sex workers when they turned to court decisions and judicial comments about sex workers, which assumed the psychological impact of sexual assault upon sex workers to be less than that for 鈥榗haste鈥 women.
When deciding whether to report, it was common for sex workers to weigh up the notoriously听听alongside the emotionally draining educational labour听required to convince police, judges or juries that sex workers could be victims of sexual assault at all.
Dr Zahra Stardust supports the #LetHerSpeak campaign which aims to change legislation that silences survivors of sexual assault. Photo: Zahra Stardust
When Sandra tried to attend open court hearings, she was accompanied by many supporters including her peers from the NT听听(SWOP) and the Sex Worker Reference Group (SWRG). When she could no longer hear the humiliating and derogatory slurs against her in the court room, sex workers set up a roster system for peer support to sit in on the hearings and, with her other friends, document the lengthy trials for her.
Numerous states in Australia are now听听to better reflect the experiences of sexual assault survivors. Some states have moved towards a communicative consent model and updated jury directions to require jurists to examine their own assumptions about who can be sexually assaulted. In some jurisdictions, where a person fraudulently misrepresents that they have paid a sex worker, this can constitute sexual assault.
In November 2019, the Northern Territory parliament responded to the collective calls of sex workers in the Territory and decriminalised sex work with the听. It was a necessary move to improve the rights, health and safety of sex workers across the Territory, and one that will dramatically improve our ability to report assault.
Leanne Melling of SWOP NT says decriminalisation is essential to prevent violence. Previously in the NT it was unlawful for a private sex worker to have any support staff or work with another sex worker. Melling states: 鈥淭his crime against Sandra would have been prevented if Sandra was able to have security with her at the venue and [had] been able to leave as soon as her job was complete with her driver. Now under decriminalisation, sex workers will be able to have support staff to co-attend any jobs such as Bucks parties where security is necessary.鈥
Gala Vanting of听 similarly believes the leadership the Northern Territory has shown in aligning its sex work laws with human rights and global health frameworks models best practice.
In decriminalising sex work, Vanting states: 鈥淭he Northern Territory has made a statement to other jurisdictions in Australia that sex workers must be able to access the same mechanisms of redress as all other citizens when crimes are committed against them, at work or elsewhere.鈥
鈥楽andra鈥, who cannot reveal her real identity under the NT鈥檚 鈥榞ag law鈥 has joined the campaign for law reform. Photo: #LetHerSpeak campaign
Vanting believes Sandra has the right to define what justice looks like for her as a survivor of assault, and says there is more to do to ensure that the rights of all NT sex workers are protected from sex work stigma in other areas of law, including anti-discrimination.
The same month that decriminalisation passed, a听听in NT Parliament to amend the existing Sexual Offences (Evidence and Procedure) Act 1983 to permit adult sexual assault survivors to be identified with their consent. In March 2020, following public submissions and hearings, the Legislation Scrutiny Committee tabled its听.
The Committee recommended that restricting the identity of a complainant until all proceedings (including appeals or re-trials) are finalised was 鈥渦nduly limiting鈥 and significantly weakened the Bill鈥檚 capacity to achieve its objectives of giving voice, autonomy and control back to survivors.
The Committee stated that this provision was out of step with other jurisdictions, and that complainants鈥 abilities to publish statements were still restricted by laws of contempt, suppression orders and advice of police, prosecutors and lawyers.
The report was welcomed by those advocating for reform, including the #LetHerSpeak campaign partners and the听听肠辞补濒颈迟颈辞苍.
The law is slowly catching up with what sex workers have been saying for decades: sexual assault is not part of the job. Decriminalisation has recognised that sex work is work, but the protectionist rationale of the gag provision leaves no room for survivors who want to come out, speak up and tell their stories.
Survivors consistently report being re-traumatised by the legal process and robbed of their voices, becoming mere witnesses to the proceedings. But listening to survivors can reduce victim-blaming, promote responsible journalism, challenge stigma about sexual assault, share information about red flags and give others the courage to speak.
Sexual assault strips a person of their power. Letting survivors speak restores their agency, autonomy and control, and provides an opportunity for healing.
It鈥檚 time for the law to let survivors speak.
If you or someone you know is impacted by sexual assault, family or domestic violence, call 1800RESPECT on 1800 737 732 or visit听.听Sex workers can contact Scarlet Alliance, Australian Sex Workers Association on 02 9517 2577 or by visiting听. In an emergency, call 000.
Dr Zahra Stardust is a sex worker, writer, and research officer in UNSW Law. Her socio-legal research is focused on intersections between criminal law, sexuality, labour and justice. She has worked extensively on diverse social justice and human rights issues with community organisations, NGOs and UN bodies, including ACON and Scarlet Alliance.
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